ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF MARITIME TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

Vladyslav Yastrebnyi

doi:10.32782/CMI/2025-16-9

Vladyslav Yastrebnyi Odesa National Maritime University https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2916-7776

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/CMI/2025-16-9

Keywords: strategic management, external environment, maritime transport enterprises, PESTEL analysis, port tariffs, freight rates, bunker fuel price, regulatory compliance

Abstract

Economic approaches to assessing external factors influencing the functioning of maritime transport enterprises are examined in the context of increasing regulatory pressure and market volatility. Using the PESTEL methodology, political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors are systematized with consideration of industry-specific characteristics. The analysis qualitatively outlines the channels through which these factors affect costs, revenues, and investment decisions of shipping companies (freight rates, fuel prices, carbon pricing, customs and tax policies, insurance premiums, IMO/EU requirements). A set of indicators and methodological guidelines is proposed for integrating the results of such analysis into strategic management, thereby enhancing the resilience and competitiveness of enterprises without the use of quantitative calculations.

References

Aguilar F. J. (1967) Scanning the Business Environment. New York: Macmillan.

Porter M. E. (1985) Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: Free Press.

Johnson G., Scholes K., Whittington R. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th ed. Harlow: Pearson.

Kaplan R. S., Norton D. P. (1996) The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Coase R. H. (1960) The problem of social cost. Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 3, pp. 1–44.

Porter M. E., van der Linde C. (1995) Toward a new conception of the environment–competitiveness relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 9(4), pp. 97–118.

Stern N. (2007) The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Stopford M. (2009) Maritime Economics. 3rd ed. London: Routledge.

UNCTAD (2024) Review of Maritime Transport 2024. Geneva: United Nations. Available at: https://unctad.org (accessed: August 29, 2025).

Smentyna N. V. (2024) Digital technologies in ensuring the efficiency of maritime transport: the use of smart-port solutions. Rozvytok metodiv upravlinnia ta hospodariuvannia na transporti, vol. 3(88), pp. 120–130. Available at: https://www.daemmt.odesa.ua (accessed: August 15, 2025).

Zhykharieva V. V. (2016) Methodological approaches to the formation of port dues in seaports. Visnyk ekonomiky transportu i promyslovosti, issue 54, pp. 241–247. Available at: https://btie.kart.edu.ua (accessed: August 29, 2025).

Zhykharieva V. V. (2024) Teoriia i praktyka formuvannia portovykh taryfiv i zboriv: monohrafiia [Theory and practice of forming port tariffs and dues: monograph]. Odesa: ONMU. (in Ukrainian)

Rožić T., Dundović Č., Peronja I. (2022) Volatile freight rates in maritime container industry in times of crises. Applied Sciences, no. 12(17). Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/17/8452 (accessed: September 11, 2025).

Nate S., Colibăşanu A., Stavytskyy A., Kharlamova G. (2024) Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on Black Sea trade: geoeconomic challenges. Economics & Sociology, no. 17(1), pp. 256–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2024/17-1/16.

E3S Web of Conferences (2023) Transition towards carbon neutrality: a structured review on decarbonisation in shipping. E3S Web of Conferences, no. 441. Available at: https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2023/78/e3sconf_celct2023_03025.pdf (accessed: August 29, 2025).

Eurasia Review (2024) The deepening impact of the Red Sea crisis on global shipping system (Analysis). Available at: https://www.eurasiareview.com/11012024-the-deepening-impact-of-the-red-sea-crisis-on-global-shipping-system-analysis/ (accessed: August 29, 2025).

Transport & Environment (2024) State of Transport 2024: Ships. Available at: https://www.transportenvironment.org/state-of-european-transport/state-of-transport/ships (accessed: August 18, 2025).

BetterSea (2025) FuelEU Maritime Compliance & Pooling Marketplace. Available at: https://www.bettersea.tech/ (accessed: September 11, 2025).

Reuters (2025) Falling ocean shipping rates put carrier profits at risk, analysts say. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/falling-ocean-shipping-rates-put-carrier-profits-risk-analysts-say-2025-10-03/ (accessed: August 15, 2025).

Aguilar F.J. Scanning the Business Environment. New York, 1967.

Porter M.E. Competitive Advantage : Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York, 1985.

Johnson G., Scholes K., Whittington R. Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th ed. Harlow, 2008.

Kaplan R.S., Norton D.P. The Balanced Scorecard : Translating Strategy into Action. Boston, 1996.

Coase R.H. The problem of social cost. Journal of Law and Economics. 1960. Vol. 3. P. 1–44.

Porter M.E., van der Linde C. Toward a new conception of the environment–competitiveness relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1995. Vol. 9, no. 4. P. 97–118.

Stern N. The Economics of Climate Change : The Stern Review. Cambridge, 2007.

Stopford M. Maritime Economics. 3rd ed. London, 2009.

UNCTAD. Review of Maritime Transport 2024. Geneva, 2024.

URL: https://unctad.org (дата звернення: 29.08.2025).

Сментіна Н.В. Цифрові технології у забезпеченні ефективності морських перевезень : використання в діяльності smart-портів. Розвиток методів управління та господарювання на транспорті. 2024. Т. 3, № 88. С. 120–130. URL: https://www.daemmt.odesa.ua (дата звернення: 15.08.2025).

Жихарєва В.В. Методологічні підходи до формування портових зборів у морських портах. Вісник економіки транспорту і промисловості. 2016. Вип. 54. С. 241–247. URL: https://btie.kart.edu.ua (дата звернення: 29.08.2025).

Жихарєва В.В. Теорія і практика формування портових тарифів і зборів : монографія. Одеса, 2024.

Rožić T., Dundović Č., Peronja I. Volatile freight rates in maritime container industry in times of crises. Applied Sciences. 2022. Vol. 12(17). URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/17/8452 (дата звернення: 11.09.2025).

Nate S., Colibăşanu A., Stavytskyy A., Kharlamova G. Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on Black Sea trade : geoeconomic challenges. Economics & Sociology. 2024. Vol. 17(1). P. 256–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2024/17-1/16

Transition towards carbon neutrality : a structured review on decarbonisation in shipping. E3S Web of Conferences. 2023. Vol. 441. URL: https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2023/78/e3sconf_celct2023_03025.pdf (дата звернення: 29.08.2025).

The deepening impact of the Red Sea crisis on global shipping system (Analysis). Eurasia Review. 2024. URL: https://www.eurasiareview.com/11012024-the-deepening-impact-of-the-red-sea-crisis-on-global-shipping-system-analysis/ (дата звернення: 29.08.2025).

State of Transport 2024 : Ships. Transport & Environment. 2024. URL: https://www.transportenvironment.org/state-of-european-transport/state-of-transport/ships (дата звернення: 18.08.2025).

FuelEU Maritime Compliance & Pooling Marketplace. BetterSea. 2025. URL: https://www.bettersea.tech (дата звернення: 11.09.2025).

Falling ocean shipping rates put carrier profits at risk, analysts say. Reuters. 2025. URL: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/falling-ocean-shipping-rates-put-carrier-profits-risk-analysts-say-2025-10-03/ (дата звернення: 15.08.2025).